oose pdf's

Object-Oriented-Software-Engineering -by Bruegge

http://rapidshare.com/files/343324225/Bruegge-Object-Oriented-Software-Engineering.pdf

acn pdfs

TCPIP COMPLETE

http://rapidshare.com/files/342920951/TCPIPcomplete.pdf

TCP IP ILLUSTRATED

http://rapidshare.com/files/342920952/Tcp-Ip-Illustrated.pdf

Richard-Stevens-TCPIP-Illustrated-Vol-1

http://rapidshare.com/files/342920953/Richard-Stevens-TCPIP-Illustrated-Vol-1.pdf

Edit plus download

http://rapidshare.com/files/340245584/Edit_Plus.rar

MASM 6.11 SETUP DOWNLOAD

http://rapidshare.com/files/340234965/masm611.zip

Turbo c/c++ setup download

http://rapidshare.com/files/340230937/TURBOC30.rar

aoa sem 4 experiments

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218774/FLOYD1.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218775/G.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218777/HUFFMAN2.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218778/KNAP_BNB.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218779/knapsack.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218780/KRUSKAL_100.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218781/MERGE.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218782/PATTERNMATCH.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218784/PRIMmatrix.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340218785/QUEEN.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/340219478/QUICK.rar

os sem4 experiments

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214885/os1.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214886/os2.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214887/os3.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214888/os4.CPP

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214889/OS-5.CPP

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214890/OS_6.CPP

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214891/os7.cpp

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214892/OS8.CPP

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214893/OS-9.CPP

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214894/OS-10.CPP

sem 4 dbms experiments

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213617/DBMS_1.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213618/DBMS_2.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213619/DBMS_3.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213620/DBMS_4.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213621/DBMS_5.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213622/DBMS_6.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213623/DBMS_7.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213624/DBMS_9.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213625/DBMS_10.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340213626/DBMS_11.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214041/DBMS_12.txt

http://rapidshare.com/files/340214302/exp13.rar

jdk-1_5_0_08-windows-i586-p.rar download

http://rapidshare.com/files/340207609/jdk-1_5_0_08-windows-i586-p.rar

j2re-1_4_2_17-windows-i586-p download

http://rapidshare.com/files/340190126/j2re-1_4_2_17-windows-i586-p.rar

Mumbai University TE sem 6 comps syllabus

http://rapidshare.com/files/340182429/VI-NEW.pdf

evs Erach Bharucha download link

http://rapidshare.com/files/340177224/evs_p.rar

as this one was corrupted

the new link has been provided

http://rapidshare.com/files/453059548/Evs_UGC.rar

WORKING WITH NUMBERS AND GRAPHS

1. Some quantities encountered in environmental science appear so enormous or so minuscule as to "boggle the mind." What general strategy would you suggest to render such quantities more meaningful? Teachers can discuss what strategy that should be adopted while teaching these types of numbers to students.

For example,

(a) Amount of water in the atmosphere: 1.3 x 10¹³ m³

(b) The distribution Ocean. Seas in volume: 1,338,000,000 km³

(c) Global energy demand in 1990 : 3.9 x 10²⁰ J(oules) per year

(d) Dioxin concentration in lake trout from certain Lake (1987): 38 ppt (parts per trillion)

(e) Amount of solar energy that reaches earth’s surface: 13X10²¹calories/year

(f) Groundwater flow rate in a certain aquifer: 5 x 10^-7 m/s

(g) Worldwide topsoil loss (1990s): 23 billion tonnes per year

UNIT 8: Understanding existence and co-existence

Interrelation and cyclicity between material order, bio-order, animal-order and human-order.

Understanding the human conduct: Relationship in family, justice in relationship, relationship of human with nature(environment), human behavior, human values, nature and morality

Understanding the human society: Dimensions of humans Endeavor and objectives, inter-relationship in society, mutual fulfillment and cyclicity in nature.(06 Lectures)

How the existence is nothing but coexistence?

Interrelation and cyclicity between material order, bio-order, animal-order and human-order is there in the existence and are in synergy with each other. Thus existence is nothing but coexistence.

What is co-existentialism?

Co-existentialism is the philosophy which establishes the interdependence & interrelationship amongst the four orders namely material order, bio-order, animal-order and human-order. The harmony between these orders is the very basis of their existence.

What are the various needs human beings have?

Psychological needs & material needs

What is the difference between psychological needs & material needs?

Psychological needs are not quantifiable but required completely by all human beings irrespective of age, caste or gender and are continuous in nature such as faith, respect etc & material needs are quantifiable and short lived.like food,clothing etc.

What is Human conduct and how is that related to environmental issues?

We observe that out of the four orders enumerated above all the three orders excepting the human order are in harmony with each other and fulfill the condition of inherent cyclicity which is the very basis of existence. All the environmental problems prevailing today are due to erratic behavior of the human being.

Descriptive Question:

What is Jeevan Vidya and discuss as to how is it relevant in todays context?

What is Jeevan Vidya?

Jeevan Vidya brings out the innate harmony in existence and clarifies that man by understanding this harmony is able to be in harmony within himself and with others in society and rest of nature. This in turn leads to value based conduct, education, constitution and order in the society which is the desire of every human being.

It gives you a process of dialogue between what you are and what you really want to be and helps you explore the natural acceptance for harmony within you and in your interactions with the existence. This exploration is a process of being in harmony in oneself and in harmony with the entire existence.

Write a brief note on Madhya Darshan Sahastitvad?

Madhyastha Darshan elucidates the inherent order in the Existence and has been expounded in the form of universal aphorisms. It is completely free of mysticism. Madhyastha Darshan: Sah-astitvavad contemplates on ‘Eexistence being Coexistence’, mutual fulfillment and cyclicity in nature, nature friendly ways and behavior in society, value based justice in family and right understanding of co-existence in an individual leading to eternal happiness. Madhyastha-Darshan has been presented as Alternative to Idealism and Materialism – The two ideologies which emerged in the history of humankind.

Shri.A. Nagraj propounded the human centric philosophy which he has christened as Madhyastha Darshan:Sah-astitvavad is a universal remedy for all the ills that are marring the present day society and the nature. The philosophy, which is quite comprehensive in nature, has been presented in four parts viz: Manav Vyavhar Darshan, Manav Karm Darshan, Manav Abhyas Darshan, Anubhav Darshan. Other important treatises on universal human conduct, universal order and an integrated society propounded by him are Vyavaharvadi Samajshastra, Avartansheel Arthashastra, Manav Sanchetnavadi Mano- vigyan, Samadhanatmak Bhautikvad, Vyaharatmak Janvad and Anubhavatmak Adhyatmavad, Paribhasha Samhita, Manviya Samvidhan Manviya aacharan sutra.

Note : For further information and queries on Value education & Jeevan Vidya contact

Dr. Surendra Pathak, Director; Jeevan Vidya Study Centre; Somaiya Vidyavihar; Vidyavihar (E), Mumbai;Phone No. 022-25140489/25149400; Mob. 9930905790 /9930905791; Email: jeevanvidya@in.com ; pathak06@gmail.com

Unit 7:Human population and the environment

Population growth variation among nations; Population explosion-family welfare program

Environment and human health; Human rights, Value education, HIV/AIDS , Women and child welfare , Role of information technology in environment and human health, Case studies(04 lectures)

Activity Questions: (For discussion)

It is observed that there is a speedy growth in population in Asian and African countries compared to US and Europe. What do you think must be the possible reason for the same?

Is population growth in our country a boon or a bane?

Do you think just controlling population is solution to environment problems?

Do you think value education can bring solution to environment problems?

What is the need of value education in Engineering curriculum?

Technology is only a means to achieve what is 'considered valuable', in an effective and efficient manner. It is not within the scope of technology, to decide what is valuable. This decision lies outside its scope. It is important to find out what is that subject or thought that decides on "what is valuable?" Without this decision, technology is aimless, directionless and therefore can be put to any use-constructive or destructive.

Particularly, the student who is trained in this kind of technology without having any exposure to the subject or thought that helps him to decide "what is valuable?", leaves him aimless, directionless and he is subject to get misused. He lacks self confidence, he has no commitment as he has no clarity about what he really wants to achieve as an individual and as a member of family, society and nature.

The subject that decides on "what is valuable?", what is of value for human being is called Value Education. This subject focuses on what a human being is, what is purposeful and meaningful for him- what is the aim of human being and his life and how he can meet this aim, this purpose. This elaborates on what role he has to play as responsible human being at the level of individual, family, society and nature.

With this clarity, he is able to see the meaning in life, purpose in life and is committed to fulfill that meaning, that purpose. This clarity and the satisfaction obtained out of the fulfillment of this purpose, gives him a feeling of self confidence. This instills confidence in their inner strengths. The students need to have this confidence in order to be able to proactively set their own goals. If the goal is set proactively (and not by default 'peer' pressure) the motivation comes from within and the rest follows- in terms of his commitment, untiring effort leading to success in achieving his aim, and his purpose of life.

UNIT 6: SOCIAL ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENT

Social Issues and environment From unsustainable to sustainable development.; Urban problems related to energy ; Water conservation rain water, harvesting, water-shed management.; Resettlement and rehabilitation of people, its problem and concerns case studies. ; Environmental ethics, issues and possible solution ; Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust case studies. Waste-land reclamation; Consumerism and waste product; Environmental protection act; Air (Prevention and control of pollution) act ; Water ( prevention and control of pollution) act ; Wide-life protection act. ;Forest conservation act. ; Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation ; Public awareness (04 Lectures)

What are the significant climatic changes happening around the globe?

The global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6⁰ C over the last century. Increased rainfall was observed in regions of high latitude and severe draught in some other regions. Great storms like El Nino have been more frequent. The global mean sea level is projected to rise by 9.8 cm by year 2100.

What causes global warming?

About 75% of the solar energy reaching the earth is absorbed by the earth’s surface, which increases its temperature. The rest of the heat radiates back to the atmosphere. Some of the heat is trapped by Green house gases, mostly carbon dioxide. As more amount of carbon dioxide is released by various human activities the same results in global warming.

What will be the effect of global warming?

The average surface temperature is about 15⁰C which is 33⁰C higher than it would be in the absence of greenhouse effect. Without green house gases most of the earth’s surface would be frozen with a mean air temperature of -18⁰C.

What causes acid rains?

Fossil fuels when burned release sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These oxides react with other chemicals in the air and to form sulphuric acid, nitric acid etc. These acid pollutants carried by air currents upwards and finally return to the ground in the form of acid rains.

Have heard of the following ‘andolans’?

(a) Beej Bachao Andolan

(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan

Do you know the full form of the following institutions?

CSE, CEE, WII, BSI, ZSI

CSE – Centre for science & Environment

CEE – Centre for Environment Education

WII – The wildlife Institute of India

BSI – The Botanical survey of India

ZSI - The Zoological survey of India

Match the following

CSE – Publishes magazine ‘Down to earth’.

CEE – Develops Environment education programs

WII – Published ‘Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network for India’

BSI – Carries out survey of plant resources in the country

ZSI - Carries out survey of fauna in the country

Explain the following Environment Management Programs

JFM, SWM, IPM, IPAS & WSM

JFM – Joint Forest Management. MoEF formulated a national policy in 1988 which promotes the participation of local communities in forest development along with the Forest Department. This program ensures a minimum of 25% of the income from a specific forest area goes to the local community. In the past few years more than 60,000 JFM committees have come into existence.

SWM - Sustainable Water Management. Under this ‘save water campaigns’ are undertaken to increase awareness of dangers of water scarcity. Promotes effective rain water harvesting in Urban environment.

IPM – Integrated Pest Management. This program includes preserving pest predators, using pest resistant seed varieties and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers.

IPAS- Integrated Protected Area Systems. It is useful in protecting ecological biodiversity.

WSM- Water Shed Management. The management of a single unit of land with its water drainage system is called water shed management.

Do you know the method Israel adopted in improving its Food production?

They are successful in introducing drip irrigation in their country and have doubled the production of fruits and vegetables without much increase in the usage of water.

What is meant by Biological prospecting?

A variety of industries like pharmaceuticals are highly dependent on identifying compounds of great economic value from the wide variety of wild species of plants located in undisturbed natural forests. This is called biological prospecting.

Match the modern drugs from plants and the cure they provide

Vinblastine fromsy periwinkle plant – Controls cancer in children.

Papain from papaya - dissolves excess protein and mucus.

Penicillin from penicillium fungi – Controls infection.

Reserpine from Indian snakeroot – Reduces high blood pressure

Gossypol from cotton – Male contraceptive

Camphor from camphor tree – Increases local blood supply.

L-Dopa from Velvet bean – Controls parkinson’s disease.

What is meant by CCTs?

Continuous contour trenches are used to enhance the infiltration of water, reduce the runoff and check soil erosion. These are shallow trenches dug across the slope of the land and along the contour lines made to conserve soil and water. They are effective on gentle slopes and places of medium rainfall.

What is meant by CCBs?

Continuous contour benches are used to enhance the infiltration of water, reduce the runoff and check soil erosion. These are shallow trenches made of stones to conserve soil and water. They are effective on steep slopes.

What is a Gradonie?

These are used in converting wastelands into agricultural ones.

Explain the term Biomagnification.

Biomagnification is the bioaccumulation of a substance up the food chain by transfer of residues of the substance in smaller organisms that are food for larger organisms in the chain. It generally refers to the sequence of processes that result in higher concentrations in organisms at higher levels in the food chain (at higher trophic levels). These processes result in an organism having higher concentrations of a substance than is present in the organism’s food.

Compare the terms Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification

Bioaccumulation is increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain

Biomagnification is increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another

Descriptive questions

1. Explain the process of vermicomposting.

Questions for Activity: (For Group discussion)

We all know that paper can be recycled & used for various purposes. Can we use recycled paper for food containers?

No. Because of possible contamination.

Arrange the following in the order of difficulty in recycling.

(a) Glass

(b) Aluminium

(c) Steel

(d) Paper

(e) Plastic

UNIT 5: POLLUTION

Environmental Pollution Definition- Causes, effects and control measures of:- a. Air pollution b. Water pollution c. Soil pollution d. marine pollution e. Noise pollution f. Thermal pollution

g. Nuclear hazards. Solid waste management: Causes, effect and control measures of urban and industrial wastes; Role of an individual in prevention of pollution; Pollution case studies; Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and land slides.( 04 Lectures)

What is a pollutant?

A pollutant is one which is harmful to the environment.

What are the various effects of pollution?

The effect of pollution is undesirable change in ecology which results in harmful effect on human beings, animals & plants.

Who contributes most to pollution?

Human beings

How much air do you think a human being needs per day?

Approximately 12 Kgs!

How can we classify pollutants?

Pollutants can be classified into (i) Degradable (ii) Slowly-degradable pollutants & (iii) Non-degradable

Can you give examples for (i) Degradable (ii) Slowly-degradable &(iii) Non-degradable pollutants?

(i) Degradable - Domestic sewage, Discarded vegetables etc.

(ii) Slowly-degradable pollutants – Plastics, DDT(Pesticide)

Non-degradable – lead, mercury & nuclear waste

5.1 Air Pollution - Some History.

Can you guess who might have first expressed concern over air pollution?

Hippocrates in 400B.C

When was the first anti-pollution law passed?

King Edward-I passed the first anti-pollution law in the year 1273 which prevented people from using coal for domestic heating.

Which was the earliest recorded major disaster in the history?

“London Smog” in 1952 that resulted in 4000 deaths.

When was the first anti-pollution law passed in India?

The Air Pollution Control Act in India was passed in 1981 and the Motor vehicle Act for controlling air pollution was passed recently.

Can you list some of the major disasters leading to serious air pollution?

(i) “London Smog” in 1952 that resulted in 4000 deaths.

(ii) Leakage of Methyl iso-cyanide gas from Union carbide’s pesticide plant in 1984 which affected thousands of people in Bhopal.

What are the components of atmosphere?

Atmosphere consists of 79% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen,1% as mixture of Carbondioxide, water vapour and trace amounts of several other gases such as neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen and xenon.

Can you list the various layers of atmosphere?

The inner most layer - Troposphere

The next layer – Stratosphere

Further next layer – Mesosphere.

Do you know the layer in which airplanes fly?

Stratosphere

Do you know the layer in which Ozone is available?

Stratosphere

What is the significance of Ozone layer?

The ozone layer effectively screens the UV light.

Why the Ozone layer is given so much importance?

The Ozone layer as such consists of not only ozone but a mixture of other gas molecules. In the densest ozone layer there is only one ozone molecule in one lakh gas molecules.(1/100000).Therefore even a small change in ozone concentration can produce dramatic effects on the life on earth.

How is the presence of ozone expressed/measured technically?

The total amount of ozone in a ‘Column’ of air from the earths surface up to an altitude of 50Kms is the Total column ozone and is recorded in Dobson Units(DU), a measure of thickness of ozone layer by an equivalent layer of pure ozone gas at normal temperature and pressure at sea level. This means that 100DU = 1 mm of pure ozone gas at normal temperature and pressure at sea level.

What a pollutant does to ozone layer?

Pollutants accelerate the breakdown of ozone which may lead to large scale destruction of ozone also called ‘Ozone Hole’.

Can you name some pollutants that are harmful to Ozone layer?

CFCs, Halons etc – these are known as ozone depleting substances.

What are the adverse effects of ozone depletion?

Increased exposure to UV radiation may result in Sunburn, cataract, aging of skin and skin cancer. Food production will get affected. Marine food chain will get affected.

Air Pollution scenario in India:

Which Indian cities are found to emit more pollutants?

Ahmedabad’s air is found to be the most noxious, followed by kanpur, Sholapur and Lucknow, with small particulate levels (PM10) 3 to 4 times the standard of 60 microgram per cubic meter.

Water Pollution:

Can you guess the quantity of water that is available as fresh water for potable purpose?

Although 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, only a tiny fraction of this water is available to us as fresh water. About 97% of the total water is found in the oceans and remaining 3% is fresh water. Of this 2.997% is locked in ice caps or glaciers. Thus only 0.003% of the earth’s total volume is available as fresh water.

How do you decide water is polluted?

When the quality of water or composition of water changes directly or indirectly which makes water unfit for any purpose.

Soil Pollution:

Which place in india suffered severely in the recent past due to ground water contamination?

Severe cases of arsenic poisoning from contaminated ground water have been reported from west Bengal.

Do you know the classification of soil in terms of horizon terminology?

Top layer of soil is called A-Horizon.

The sub soil called B-Horizon & the area below sub soil known as C-Horizon.

What is the major drawback of pesticides that we use?

Persistent pesticides once applied are effective for a long time. However they do not breakdown easily and tend to accumulate in the soil and in the bodies of animals in the food chain.

What are the meaning of the terms ‘Bioaccumulation’ & ‘Biomagnification’?

Persistent pesticides once applied are effective for a long time. However they do not breakdown easily and tend to accumulate in the soil and in the bodies of animals in the food chain. If the animal is unable to flush them out of its system it may lead to bioaccumulation. When an affected animal is eaten by another carnivore, these pesticides are further concentrated in the body of the carnivore. This Phenomenon of acquiring increased levels of a substance in the bodies of higher tropic level organisms is known as ‘Bio magnification’.

What is the role of IPM in reducing the impact of pesticides?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a technique that studies ecological aspects of a crop and suggests control strategies that uses no or few peticides. IPM also promotes the use of Biopesticides.

Marine Pollution:

What do you think are the various source of marine water pollution?

• Waste water that is directly discharged into the sea.
• Chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides that are washed off the land by rain
• Petroleum and oil washed off the roads enter sea during storm water overflows.
• Ship accidents and resulting slippage of oil
• Offshore oil exploration

How do you control marine water pollution with the help of sewage treatment plants?

Sewage treatment plants can reduce BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) of the final product before it is discharged into the sea and thereby help in controlling pollution.

What are the various stages of treatment in sewage treatment plants?

Primary treatment- Screening, Sedimentation.

Secondary treatment – Trickling filters

Can you name some of the common sources which are responsible for sea pollution?

Tanker operations

Dry Docking

Bilge and fuel oils

Tanker accidents

Offshore oil production.

Can we control oil polluting the sea?

Yes. Use of chemical dispersants can accelerate the process of natural emulsification of oil. A variety of slick-lickers are available in the market. High pressure steam can be used in cleaning the walls.

Noise Pollution:

Do you think noise pollution is a serious problem?

Yes. The sound levels beyond specific limits can harm the eardrum and person may loose his hearing ability. Noise can also cause emotional and psychological effects such as irritability, anxiety and stress.

Can you name some common sources of noise pollution?

Construction activities, drilling activities, traffic horns, Fire crackers & Drums etc.

How to control noise pollution?

1. Reduce the noise at source.
2. Block the path of noise.
3. Increase the path length.
4. Protect the recipient.

Thermal Pollution:

What is the main source of thermal pollution?

Industries that throw heated water directly into the river without treating or cooling it.

Can you guess the temperature difference of heated water?

The heated water is at least 15⁰ C higher than the normal water temperature.

Nuclear Pollution:

Do you think nuclear pollution is a serious threat like water or land pollution?

The degree and kind of damage from nuclear accidents vary with the kind of radiation. Therefore I would say nuclear pollution can cause very serious damage if not handled carefully & hence is a great threat to environment.

Have you ever heard of any nuclear accident?

On 25^th apri’1986, in Ukraine improper handling of reactor resulted in an explosion which blew the 1000 metric tones of concrete roof from the reactor and the reactor caught fire.1,16,000 people were evacuated and 26,000 of them received serious doses of radiation.

Descriptive Questions:

1. What is air pollution?
2. Discuss briefly about types of particulates with examples.
3. Explain control measures for air pollution.
4. Explain the cause of water pollution and the control mechanisms to prevent the same.
5. List factors that pollute the land and explain control mechanisms to prevent the same.
6. What are the activities that result in marine pollution?
7. Do you know the significance of a treatment plant and what are the various stages of sewage treatment?
8. Explain the control measures that are to be taken while disposing municipal solid waste.

UNIT 4: BIO DIVERSITY

Biodiversity and its conservation Introduction- definition: genetic species and ecosystem diversity; Bio-geographical classification of India , Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values; Biodiversity at global, national, local level ; India as a mega diversity nation; Hot spots of bio diversity; Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wild life, man wild life conflicts; Endangered and endemic species of India; Conservation of bio-diversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity (04 L)

Why do we need to bother about Biodiversity?

Biodiversity provides a variety of environmental services from its species and ecosystems that are essential at the global, regional and local levels. The production of oxygen, reduction of carbon dioxide, maintaining the water cycle and protecting soil are some of the important services.

Do you know the meaning of the term Biological prospecting? Explain.

A variety of industries, like pharmaceuticals, are highly dependent on identifying compounds of great economic value from the variety of wild species of plants located in undisturbed natural forests. This is called ‘Biological prospecting’.


Do you know the meaning of the term ‘Global 200’?

The earth’s biodiversity is distributed in specific regions. There are over a thousand major ‘eco regions’ in the world. Of theses 200 are said to be the richest, rarest and most distinctive natural areas. These are referred as the ‘Global 200’.

What is meant by the term ‘mega diversity nation’?

These are countries which have a relatively large population of biodiversity hotspots.

Can you name some of the biological hotspots of our country?

Forests of the North-east and western ghats is included in the world’s most bio-rich areas. The Andaman and nicobar islands are extremely rich in speices like coral reefs.

Can you name some of the places in India that are protected under world heritage tag?

1. Kaziranga in assam
2. Manas on the border between Bhutan and India
3. Bharatpur in U.P
4. Nandadevi in Himalayas
5. Sunderbans in Ganges delta in west Bengal.

Match the following people with their field of contribution

(a) M.C.Mehta – Environmental lawyer
(b) S P Godrej – wild life conservation in India
(c) Anil Agarwal- Founder of CES
(d) Salim ali – Ornithology
(e) Madhav Gadgil – Ecologist
(f) M.S.Swaminathan – Agricultural scientist
(g) Sunderlal Bahuguna – Movement to save trees
(h) Shri.A. Nagraj – Propounder of Madhyasth Darshan : Sahastitvavad ( Co-existentialism)
(I ) Medha Patkar - Social activist

Activity Question for discussion:

If PCB concentrations in phytoplankton in a lake are in the neighborhood of 0.001 ppm (parts per million) while PCB concentrations in lake water are 100 times lower, you would attribute the effect to
a. biomagnification.
b. bioaccumulation.
c. biodegradation.
d. biogeneration.


Activity Question for discussion:

In the early 1950s eutrophication was emerging as a serious pollution problem in a certain lake in US.
(a) What does eutrophication mean, literally and generally?
(b) What processes and what chemicals were responsible for the eutrophication?
(c) Algal blooms were cited as one consequence of the eutrophication problem. What could be the reason for such blooms to occur?

Oxygen depletion is cited as consequence of the eutrophication. Where do you think the oxygen depletion occurring - in the surface waters or bottom waters? Can you guess what could be the reason for oxygen depletion in lake water?

UNIT 3: ECO SYSTEMS

Ecosystems Concepts of ecosystems , Structure and function of an ecosystem , Producers, consumers and decomposers , Energy flow in ecosystems, Ecological succession, Food chains, food web and ecological pyramids, Introduction, types, characteristics features, structure and function of following ecosystems a. Forest ecosystems b. Grassland ecosystems c. Desert ecosystems d. Aquatic ecosystems( ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) ( 03 L)

What constitutes an ecosystem?

The living community of plants and animals in any area together with the non living components of the environment – such as soil, air and water constitute the ecosystem.

What are the classifications of ecosystem?

Broadly ecosystem can be of two types

Natural and Manmade.

Natural ecosystem consists of forests, grass lands, aquatic etc.

Manmade ecosystem consists of agricultural land and urban and industrial land use patterns.

What do you know about Keystone species?

These are the species if eliminated may seriously affect the ecosystem.

What are the major classifications of aquatic ecosystem?

Fresh water ecosystem and marine ecosystem.

Fresh water ecosystem – streams , rivers , ponds & lakes etc…

Marine ecosystem – Deltas, coastal shallows and deep ocean.

What is meant by In-situ and ex-situ conservation?

In-situ conservation is where a species is conserved in its own environment by creating national parks or wildlife sanctuaries. On the other hand ex-situ conservation is where a species is carefully conserved outside its natural habitat. Ex-situ conservation is mainly for those species that are rapidly driven to extinction.

Match the following forests with their conducive environment.

(a) Coniferous forest –cold temperature

(b) Evergreen forests – High rainfall

(c) Deciduous forests – moderate rainfall

(d) Thorn forests – Semi-arid regions

(e) Mangrove forests – Along the coast & river delta.

Descriptive type questions:

1. Explain the energy flow in the ecosystem
2. Explain the various types of forest in India.
3. Explain the major classifications of aquatic ecosystem